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Cationic surfactants are mainly nitrogen-containing organic amine derivatives. Due to the lone pair electrons in the nitrogen atoms of their molecules, they can bond with the hydrogen in acid molecules through hydrogen bonds, causing the amino groups to carry a positive charge. Therefore, they have good surface activity only in acidic media; In alkaline media, it is easy to precipitate and lose surface activity. In addition to nitrogen-containing cationic surfactants, there is also a small amount of cationic surfactants containing sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, and other elements.
Cationic surfactants generally have good emulsifying, wetting, washing, sterilizing, softening, anti-static, and anti-corrosion properties, and are mainly used for special purposes such as fungicides, fiber softeners, and anti-static agents.
Most of the commercially valuable cationic surfactants are derivatives of organic nitrogen compounds, whose positive ion charges are carried by nitrogen atoms. There are also some new cationic surfactants whose positive ion charges are carried by atoms such as phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, and arsenic. According to the chemical structure of cationic surfactants, they can be mainly divided into four types: amine salt type, quaternary ammonium salt type, heterocyclic type, and rhonium salt type.